PRÉPARER UNE NOUVELLE ÈRE DE TRAITEMENT PSYCHÉDÉLIQUE
Johns Hopkins rejoint un projet multi-universitaire visant à développer des bourses et des programmes de formation en thérapie psychédélique
ParJulie Scharper / Publié à l’automne 2022
La psilocybine – la substance qui rend les champignons magiques magiques – peut aider les gens à sortir de la dépression, en inciter d’autres à arrêter de fumer et même permettre aux personnes confrontées à un cancer en phase terminale de faire la paix avec la mort.
La Food and Drug Administration et la Drug Enforcement Administration ont classé la psilocybine comme une “thérapie révolutionnaire” pour la dépression en 2018, un geste que beaucoup considèrent comme ouvrant la voie à l’approbation éventuelle du médicament comme traitement des troubles mentaux. Les patients réclament déjà le traitement, qui pour beaucoup apporte des résultats spectaculaires en seulement quelques séances. Le défi imminent ? Former les psychiatres et autres cliniciens à l’administration des psychédéliques, qui sont très différents des autres classes de médicaments prescrits pour la santé mentale.
Une nouvelle subvention de 900 000 $ de l’Institut de recherche Heffter, axé sur les psychédéliques, permettra à des chercheurs de Johns Hopkins, de l’Université de Yale et de l’Université de New York de mettre sur pied un programme de bourses postdoctorales et de formation de haut niveau en thérapie psychédélique. Bien que certaines organisations aient des programmes de certification en matière de psychédéliques, ils sont souvent fondés sur des observations anecdotiques et non sur des données concrètes. “Ce qui manque, c’est une approche fondée sur des preuves”, déclare Natalie Gukasyan, professeur adjoint de psychiatrie à Johns Hopkins. Natalie Gukasyan, qui est également directrice médicale du Johns Hopkins Center for Psychedelic & Consciousness Research, dirige les efforts de l’université dans le cadre de ce projet.
Les êtres humains expérimentent les psychédéliques depuis des millénaires, mais ces substances ont attiré l’attention des scientifiques pour la première fois dans les années 1950, lorsque le banquier américain R. Gordon Wasson a écrit dans le magazine Life qu’il avait pris des champignons hallucinogènes avec une guérisseuse mexicaine indigène nommée María Sabina. Plus de 1 000 études sur les psychédéliques ont été lancées entre le milieu des années 1950 et le début des années 1970, mais l’association de ces drogues avec les hippies et le psychologue de Harvard devenu une icône de la contre-culture, Timothy Leary, a suscité la peur et la condamnation. En 1970, le président Richard Nixon a signé la loi sur la prévention et le contrôle de l’abus des drogues (Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act), qui a interdit la psilocybine, le LSD et d’autres substances psychédéliques et a mis fin à la recherche sur ces drogues pendant plus de deux décennies.
En 1993, David Nichols, alors professeur de psychopharmacologie à l’université de Purdue, a créé l’Institut de recherche Heffter pour soutenir les projets de relance des études sur les psychédéliques. En 2000, Roland Griffiths, professeur de psychiatrie et de neuroscience à Hopkins, a reçu l’approbation de la FDA pour commencer à étudier la psilocybine à Hopkins. Au cours des décennies qui ont suivi, Roland Griffiths a créé des protocoles d’utilisation de la drogue hallucinogène en milieu clinique et a dirigé des dizaines d’études démontrant la sécurité et l’efficacité de la psilocybine. Le Center for Psychedelic & Consciousness Research a ouvert ses portes à Hopkins en 2019 avec Griffiths à sa tête. Plus de 40 chercheurs travaillent maintenant au centre sur des études portant sur les effets de la psilocybine sur l’anorexie, le tabagisme, la maladie dépressive majeure, la maladie d’Alzheimer et d’autres conditions.
La subvention Heffter permettra aux experts en psychédéliques de mettre en place un programme de bourses postdoctorales d’un à deux ans pour les psychiatres intéressés par l’utilisation de la psilocybine et d’autres psychédéliques dans leur pratique. Les boursiers apprendront à dépister et à préparer les patients à la thérapie psychédélique, à doser, à créer le cadre et l’état d’esprit adéquats pour le traitement, et à fournir une psychothérapie à ceux qui suivent un traitement aux psychédéliques. En outre, les chercheurs élaboreront un programme d’études fondé sur des données probantes qui englobera les dernières recherches sur les thérapies psychédéliques, précise M. Gukasyan. Chaque université recevra 300 000 dollars au cours des deux prochaines années pour financer la création du programme.
M. Gukasyan fait preuve d’un “optimisme prudent” et pense que la Food and Drug Administration et la Drug Enforcement Administration approuveront l’utilisation clinique de la psilocybine dans les cinq prochaines années environ, mais il n’y a aucune garantie. Le programme formera également les psychiatres à d’autres interventions cliniques impliquant des états de conscience inhabituels, notamment la respiration holotropique, une technique de respiration qui place les participants dans un état d’esprit modifié.
En supposant que le gouvernement fédéral autorise l’utilisation de la psilocybine par les cliniciens, le matériel élaboré par les équipes des trois universités servira de guide pour la création d’autres bourses et programmes de formation, selon M. Gukasyan. “La thérapie psychédélique suscite beaucoup d’intérêt, car non seulement elle est efficace rapidement, mais elle est très efficace”, dit-elle. “Les gens sont enthousiasmés par ces premiers résultats. Le mieux que nous puissions espérer, c’est que les [cliniciens] puissent disposer de cet outil dans leur bureau.
Source : https://hub.jhu.edu/magazine/2022/fall/new-era-of-psychedelic-treatment/

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