Étudier les champignons magiques et l’ayahuasca sur les bancs universitaires
Catherine Lalonde
25 février 2022
La médecine des plantes sacrées et la spiritualité. Drogues psychédéliques, politiques et diminution de la douleur. Les psychédéliques en psychothérapie. Voilà trois des cinq cours très sérieux que proposent les études psychédéliques de l’Université d’Ottawa, les premières au pays. Ce microprogramme vise à préparer les étudiants pour cet avenir très proche où ces drogues seraient communes pour traiter la dépendance, l’anxiété, les troubles obsessionnels ou la dépression. Et serviraient aussi à l’aide à mourir.
Le 14 janvier dernier, Santé Canada autorisait les médecins à demander l’accès à des drogues psychédéliques. L’usage de la psilocybine (les champignons magiques) et de la MDMA (l’ecstasy) est désormais légal en traitement d’urgence pour les patients qui n’ont pas répondu aux approches traditionnelles. Cette ouverture est vue par plusieurs comme un pas vers la légalisation de certaines de ces drogues en usages thérapeutiques, confirmés par des études de plus en plus nombreuses.
Une nouvelle prévisible aux yeux d’Anne Vallely, cofondatrice avec Monica Williams des Études psychédéliques. À l’Université d’Ottawa, ces études réunissent la psychologie, la religion, l’anthropologie et les neurosciences. La professeure d’études religieuses et anthropologue de formation, qui s’intéresse aux états de conscience altérés et au mysticisme, croit que c’est cet entrelacs de disciplines qui a permis la création du programme.
« Dans mon département, je n’aurais pas pu instaurer ce programme d’études psychédéliques et spirituelles ; ces mots-là sont tabous en études religieuses », estime Mme Vallely, comme si ce vocabulaire laissait entendre qu’on y étudiait des éléphants roses.
Jusqu’à la maîtrise
La spiritualité, tabou universitaire ? « Oui, croit la professeure. C’est la collaboration avec le Département de psychologie, qui apporte son « crédit scientifique », qui fait qu’ils ont accepté. On va étudier les archétypes en psychologie, le chamanisme, on va comparer différents mysticismes… Certains sont allergiques à ces mots-là. »
Auprès des étudiants, ce nouveau programme est au contraire trop populaire, poursuit-elle, et accueille particulièrement des psychologues et des travailleurs sociaux. Un prochain programme de maîtrise, niché au Département de psychologie, permettra d’accueillir davantage d’étudiants.
Lucie dans le ciel avec des diamants
Comment créer un programme sur les psychédéliques dans une université ? Avec sa voix et son sourire très doux, Anne Vallely détaille : « J’ai passé l’essentiel de ma carrière à étudier le jaïnisme, cette tradition minoritaire de l’Inde, qui compte six millions de fidèles, et qui, comme le bouddhisme, met l’accent sur la méditation et sur la non-violence envers les êtres vivants. »
Pour les jaïns, « le processus de mort peut être un moment de compréhension, d’éveil, d’épanouissement, d’awakening : lorsque le corps s’affaiblit, l’âme éternelle — « Jiva » — peut devenir plus forte. Pour eux, la mort peut être une expérience spirituelle forte, conduire à la libération ou à une bonne renaissance. Ils croient à la réincarnation. Ça peut être un moment de joie pour la personne mourante, et pour son entourage. »
« Dans notre société, c’est complètement différent, poursuit l’anthropologue de formation. Ici, on a la phobie de prendre de l’âge, la phobie de la mort. Ça a un impact énorme sur la façon dont nous mourons. Cette vision contribue à l’anxiété existentielle que la plupart d’entre nous considèrent comme simplement normale », et qui ne l’est finalement pas dans toutes les cultures.
Anne Vallely connaissait cette peur occidentale de la mort. Mais le contraste avec les rites jaïns l’a frappée plus intensément quand, il y a dix ans, elle a accompagné sans préavis son père aux soins palliatifs. « Mon Dieu ! La dépression, l’anxiété y étaient complètement normalisées ! Tout le monde en était affecté, parce qu’ici nous ne sommes que nos corps et, quand nos corps se brisent, tout est fini. Il y a tant de souffrances supplémentaires causées par le fait que notre société nie la dimension spirituelle de la mort », estime-t-elle.
« Mais la mort reste entourée de mystères, et nous savons encore très peu de choses sur la conscience. Reconnaître le mystère est une aide précieuse pour les mourants. Et les substances psychédéliques permettent cela. C’est pourquoi je m’y suis intéressée. »
Ingérer du mysticisme
« Il y a des recherches fascinantes de l’Université Johns Hopkins et de celle de New York où des patients au stade 4 (avancé) du cancer, qui souffraient beaucoup d’anxiété, ont reçu une forte dose de psilocybine. Les résultats ont été exceptionnels : ces substances ont la capacité d’offrir à ces gens une expérience de transcendance. »
Une majorité importante de patients dans l’étude de Johns Hopkins ont vu une nette amélioration de leurs angoisses, jusqu’à six mois après la prise d’une seule dose de champignons magiques. Les sujets ont « rapporté des expériences, sous psychédéliques, de la mort de leur ego, explique Mme Vallely, ce qui est sûrement terrifiant. Ils se sont vus écrasés, détruits, mais toujours présents. Plusieurs ont perdu complètement leur peur de la mort au cours de cette expérience ».
Un autre aspect qui fascine la professeure d’études religieuses, c’est que, dans ces études, « même les patients qui se sont déclarés athées utilisent un langage sacré pour parler de leur expérience sous drogues psychédéliques. Certains vont même dire qu’ils ont vécu l’expérience de Dieu. »
« C’est là que le sujet s’est mis à profondément m’intéresser, poursuit la chercheuse. Dans notre société nous ne nous mettrons pas à aller à l’église, nous ne nous tournerons pas vers le religieux, nous sommes une société trop séculière, trop laïque. Peut-être que les substances psychédéliques sont quelque chose que nous pourrions explorer pour rendre notre rapport à la mort plus serein. »
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